Likewise, it does not reveal in which prisons they were held at the time the list was compiled. After the Duke of Cumberland ordered that "no quarter" be given, the Jacobites were pursued and cut down without mercy. But by the time the highland army came up against the Duke of Cumberland's forces on Culloden Moor on 16 April, it was dispirited, poorly supplied and suffering heavy desertion. Described as a non-combatant - with brown hair, smooth face - he was captured at Carlisle on December 30 1745. Clans lost land and power. Culloden had not been the end of life and hope, Inverness was, at least for some. While there have numerous accounts of the historic clash between Bonnie Prince Charlies Jacobite Army and English troops led by the Duke of Cumberland, far less attention has been given to what happened next. List of Jacobite prisoners captured after Culloden and sent to Tilbury Fort, London. Category: Archiving, Britain, Digital Archiving, Digital History, Digital Humanities, Early Modern, Essays, Military, Political History, Primary Sources, Prosopography, scotland, Uncategorized, WarTags: 1745, british history, Culloden, data analysis, Digital History, Digital Humanities, Featured, Jacobites, open access research, Primary Sources, Prosopography, rebellion, rebels, scotland, Scottish History, Stuarts, Whigs. On a quick scan through I didn't see any mention of a list of all participants in the battle. Image provided by the author. Around 150 prisoners left Liverpool on The Veteran for the Leeward Islands in the West Indies on May 8 1747. 14 Indentures were partially established to fund both . List of Jacobite prisoners after Culloden Oregonian89 Nov 20, 2019 1 2 Next Oregonian89 Joined Nov 2019 58 Posts | 20+ Oregon Discussion Starter Nov 20, 2019 #1 List of rebel prisoners: with their rank and the number of witnesses against them, July 17 1746 (SP 54/32/41C). 7 April 2011 Charles Edward Stuart's Jacobite forces were defeated at Culloden 265 years ago By Steven McKenzie BBC Scotland Highlands and Islands reporter A state apology is being sought for. This includes the fate of Scottish survivors, including some who dragged themselves from the battlefield, or escaped a firing squad. In Britain, they faced the death penalty, but the rebels were instead shipped to work for nothing in the colonies, most likely on the sugar plantations owned by British landowners some of them almost certainly Scots as part of a move to clear overcrowded prisons of Jacobite rebels. He escaped the field but later was forced to surrender. The news aroused both dismay and enthusiasm amongst his supporters, but, in the last battles to be fought on British soil, they twice defeated the numerically superior and . He gradually degenerated over the years until he finally ended up in Rome, dying in a terrible physical condition, covered in ulcers, in the room where hed been born. [8]An Authentick Account of Culloden (23 April 1746), NLS MS 2960 ff. Simon Fraser. Drumachuine. There are neither stated accusations of particular rebellious acts nor the names of any witnesses who were willing to speak out against them. The rewards are well worth the routine, however, as once the information is wrangled into a coherent framework, it is immediately ripe forprosopographicalscrutiny. Wolfe is known to have visited the Old High Church during his time in Inverness, as . They were then taken out to this stone in carts and shot. [10]Wades Declaration of Indemnity (30 October 1745),Scots Magazine(VII: 1745), pp. This Church was up for sale recently (2021). See also Sharpe to Newcastle (27 September 1746), TNA SP 36/88/2 ff. Prisoners after Culloden Securing Scotland after Culloden Secret portrait object Hanover family tree Controlling Scotland after Culloden Laws to control Scotland Transportation of. When the regiment was temporarily disbanded, about 700 Frasers returned to the Highlands and there they spread tales of the freedoms and wealth enjoyed by the inhabitants of the Americas where land was plentiful. Graphics (with own titles) generated by prosopographical analysis. A rebellion that was not a war for Scottish independence, but rather to see which royal house would rule Great Britain. Paul, whose previous work explores the aftermath of Waterloo, believes that when you start putting names to the bodies, to the survivors, and look at what happened afterwards, it humanises Culloden.. I was put into one of the Scotch kirks together with a great number of wounded prisoners who were stripped naked and then left to die of their wounds without the least assistance; and though we had a surgeon of our own, a prisoner in the same place, yet he was not permitted to dress their wounds, but his instruments were taken from him on purpose to prevent it; and in consequence of this many expired in the utmost agonies. Posted on April 16, 2021 He died at Culloden. Legend tells that "the Bonnie Banks of Loch Lomond" was composed by a man destined for the gallows at this time. Though Cumberlands name book has no specific date attached to it, the data itself tells us much about the time it was drafted. A major new research project to examine links between the failed '45 Jacobite uprising and the slave trade is underway. They re-entered Carlisle on 19 December . The Hanoverian army led by the Duke of. John Robertson was a neighbor of Stewart of Kynachan and was a keen Jacobite. Of the remainder, more than six hundred died in prison; 936 were transported to the West Indies to be sold as slaves [which, at that time, meant that they would almost certainly be dead of yellow fever or the like within two years], 121 were banished outside our Dominions; and 1287 were released or exchanged. "Scottish Rebels Transported to Maryland, 1747." (Genealogical Gleanings in England.) There is certainly a lot to know about this issue. VIEW PAGE RESEARCH Papers compiled by Kees Slings from the Netherlands. He returned to France to try to muster another army but failed and turned to alcohol. Im hopefully finding a new way of telling the story. The forces of Prince Charles Edward Stuart, attempting to reclaim the throne for his family, met a British army led by the Duke of Cumberland, son of the Hanoverian King George II. The Old High Kirk in Inverness housed Jacobite prisoners after the Battle of Culloden Throughout your tour, you can ask questions whenever you like and we can take a closer look at anywhere we visit. READ MORE: Battle begins, but the '45 ends in defeat. They were among the 149 men, women and children on board the transportation ship The Veteran, which left Liverpool on May 8, 1747, bound for Antigua, where the prisoners, which also included a 12-year-old boy, were due to be sold into indentured servitude. As Magnus Magnusson recounts in Scotland The Story of Nation: Of the total of 3471 Jacobite prisoners, 120 were executed: most by hanging, drawing and quartering, four by beheading because they were peers of the realm -- the privilege of rank. David Bruce, Advocate-General of Scotland, provided four discrete lists of rebel captives held in the tolbooth of Inverness after Culloden that identify a total of ninety-nine persons, their homes of origin, and the engagements at which they fought. Some prisoners though died of bullets shot by Hanoverian troops on sacred ground, right in the middle of Inverness, in the graveyard of the Old High Church. . Royal Collection Trust. The Prisoners While Culloden was a bloodbath, the fates of most of the 3,000 people captured after the slaughter was equally brutal. The immediate hours after Culloden were appalling. The battle of Culloden lasted for under an hour. In the days after Culloden the roads were full of refugees and the makeshift prisons full of Jacobites. The fairy hill in Inverness, a nitrate murder on Shetland, a family of left-handers, wolves, Robert the Bruce and William Wallace shown in a new light, the secret bay of the writer Gavin Maxwell, a murdering poet and everything about Scotland except whisky, sheep and tartan. The retribution that followed the defeat of the Jacobite Army at Culloden in 1746 has passed into legend for its brutality and savagery and has formed the backdrop to many classic stories including Robert Louis Stevenson's Kidnapped and more recently Diana Gabaldon's Outlander series of novels. Hirsau was an important Benedictine abbey, an extensive ground including a graveyard where only few stones have remained. You will require a good internet connection as this tour is delivered entirely online making use of live video-conferencing software. "They just disappeared. These stories have been discovered and gathered for Erkenbachs blog, Graveyards of Scotland, over many years. This method allows us to check the work in published aggregates and concurrently iron out errors made by the compilers. Please register or log in to comment on this article. Researchers at Culloden Battlefield near Inverness are to investigate the Jacobite exiles who went on to own plantations in the West Indies and the hundreds of rebels deported as indentured servants following the decisive Hanoverian victory in 1746. The Battle of Culloden is one example which has been forgotten by many people today - and yet on just one fateful day in April of 1746 the course of . Trouillot in the Digital Age: A Fifth Crucial Moment for PublicHistorians? In the aftermath of the 1745 uprising many Jacobite prisoners found themselves in Carlisle once more. If you are dissatisfied with the response provided you can They watched the executions on St Michael's Mound from the windows. Historian Daniel Szechi, emeritus professor at Manchester University, said: The Veteran is a really interesting episode. Nine men are labeled as beggars, one of them actually having been apprehended in the act of seeking alms. Sure enough, in 1746, another large group arrived in what is present-day Cumberland County, North Carolina. With the Jacobite Rebellion crushed in April 1746 at the Battle of Culloden, many Highland Scots finally wanted out of Scotland and opted to go to the English colonies in the New World. However, they had to turn back to Scotland within 150 miles of London. A lot of them ran away. , Paul added: He wasnt an attractive man. Eyewitness accounts of those bloody atrocities were collated by Robert Forbes, Bishop of Ross and Caithness, who wrote the extraordinarily detailed book The Lyon in Mourning about this period. In England, where Scots were taken for trial, prisoners were brought together in groups of 20, with tickets literally plucked out of a hat said to have been made from beaver skin to determine who went to court. View zoomable image in Jacobite prints and broadsides. This typology of historical data and its subsequent prosopographical analysis certainly does not appeal to all historians, nor does it have to. Editors' Code of Practice. Prof Szechi said: Technically, every single one of the Jacobite prisoners was liable to execution for treason, which we know was a long, drawn out and bloody process which cost a lot of money. The Marchioness of Annandale, a. Many of these details shift, change, or disappear in subsequent government records and should not alone be taken as hard evidence. Not all of them had been fighting of course, some had just been a bit too sympathetic with the cause of Charles Edward Stuart, the unlucky young pretender to the Scottish throne. Change). They smashed windows in over 200 properties and caused massive amounts of damage.. It was the last pitched battle fought on British soil. Margaret Sankey, Jacobite Prisoners of the 1715 . I will answer your other comments asap. [7]The number of Cromartys men in Cumberlands list matches up rather well with a report from 23 April, which describes the arrival in Inverness of Mackenzie and his son, John, along with ten officers and 150 soldiers taken by the Sutherland Militia. Of 3463 Jacobite prisoners, 936 were transported and 348 banished. Some of them have become infamous - from the Battle of Passchendaele during WWI to the Battle of Hastings in 1066, but the majority fade from memory within a generation or two. One of the questions we wish to investigate is where the individuals went and who benefited financially from the transportation process. answered Nov 24, 2021 by Jim Richardson G2G6 Pilot (641k points) That should still be pretty interesting to look through. Missing from the list, for example, are the ages, estates, and confessional traditions of the captives. By direct order of the Duke of Cumberland, soldiers of the Jacobite army, many of them wounded, were killed where they lay and stayed unburied at Culloden. An injured 18-year-old, Captain MacDonald of Bellfinlay, managed to drag himself to safety. Overview and Statement of Significance. The English then finished them off by smashing the butt of their muskets into their heads. We can, of course, engage with more extensive studies into archival records to both verify and expand upon the data presented in Cumberlands list. By direct order of the Duke of Cumberland, soldiers of the Jacobite army, many of them wounded, were killed where they lay and stayed unburied at Culloden. Get a weekly round-up of stories from The Sunday Post: Something went wrong - please try again later. On one transport boat at Woolwich, the rebel prisoners are so straightened for room as to be very sickly, which may make it unsafe to land them, a letter to the Admiralty in August 1746 said. This site is part of Newsquest's audited local newspaper network. Are you sure you want to delete this comment? We are very excited to discover more about the connection.. Numerous clan chiefs were attainted, having their titles and lands stripped of them. After the Duke of Cumberland ordered that "no quarter" be given, the Jacobites were pursued and cut down without mercy. "But for those working on plantations, their standard of living is probably little better than those of black slaves. These guidelines of policy would blur in the months after Culloden, when elements of the British army waged a brutal campaign of retribution against recalcitrant communities in Scotland, both within and outwith the Highlands, often without regard of status or provable degree of guilt. I couldnt resist commenting. 537-538; Cumberlands First Proclamation (24 February 1746), TNA SP 54/29 f. 3c; Cumberlands Second Proclamation (1 May 1746), TNA SP 54/31 f. 31b. The battle, which ended the Forty-five Jacobite rebellion and its dreams of putting a Stuart on the throne, was an onslaught that saw 1,500 Highland troops massacred by English swords and artillery in just 30 minutes. What happened next is Scotlands secret shame. He was sentenced to death and gave an oration on the scaffold on November 28, 1746, that utterly damned Cumberland: After the Battle of Culloden I had the misfortune to fall into the hands of the most ungenerous enemy that I believe ever assumed the name of a soldier, I mean the pretended Duke of Cumberland, and those under his command, whose inhumanity exceeded anything I could have imagined. . Highland culture was repressed and the clan system dismantled. Culloden was of course a civil war, as was the Anglo-Irish war of 1919-21 or the American War of Independence.But every national struggle divides . During the nine months of the last effective Jacobite challenge and for years afterward, British government ministers under George II kept an exceptionally vast amount of detailed records concerning the prosecution of suspected and accused rebels. Assurances hadn't been met, the French invasion fleet hadn't progressed to where it was needed, and English Jacobite support hadn't materialised. While some prominent collections of archival prosecution papers have been partially incorporated into subsequently published lists of Jacobite prisoners (for instance, sections of the Secretary of State Papers and the Treasury Solicitor Papers at Kew, jail returns at the National Library of Scotland, and various documents at the British Library), many hundreds of resources have neither been consulted nor considered.[2]. . DC Thomson Co Ltd 2023. To follow the trail of prosecution for each of the 986 names, then, we would need to seek out other sources that can fill in the blanks and tell us more about the people the government was so intent on cataloguing. half-blind and crippled but he could walk on crutches., Many Scottish towns and villages were targeted following the Battle of Culloden as English resentment over the Jacobite rebellion festered in the following years. Pingback: Culling the Herd Little Rebellions. Oaths of allegiance, assurance, and abjuration were signed by both exonerated rebels and Hanoverian loyalists seeking positions of public office. by Historical Association. . By August 1746, as a list of 351 is noted in TNA SP 36/92/2 ff. Roderick fought against two of his brothers who were officers in the government army in the Scots Fusiliers. Transportation warrants. Watch on If you'd like to learn more about Scottish history, then come and join us on one of our Virtual Tours listed below: This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, This website and its associated newspaper are members of Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO). 177-191, 202-203, 228. RA CP/Main Box 69 Series XI.39.22. Thank you! Cumberlands butchery set the tone for how the UK dealt with the Jacobite prisoners. For whether we are happy about it or not, after Culloden, the vast majority of Scots accepted the Union and we played a huge part in creating that Empire, being to the fore in its most expansionist phases such as the slave trade and the conquest of the Indian sub-continent. This blog contains material protected under International and Federal Copyright Laws and Treaties. Respect for the deceased and for those mourning the dead is of utmost importance to me. Come take a walk with us through the graveyard to learn more Jacobite Executions in Inverness. "They are not recidivist criminals, he said. Exceptionally well written! These adverts enable local businesses to get in front of their target audience the local community. Ms McIntosh said: As we researched answers to these questions, we have begun to discover some very interesting stories. A lot of my book concerns incidents that might be passed over in a sentence, such as the victimisation and anti-Catholic destruction that went on across Scotland, especially in Aberdeen.. In addition to providing granular social histories of both the martial and civilian facets of Jacobitism, the housing of numerous manipulable data sets within JDB1745 allows us to check the integrity of the transcribed data in previously published lists and to compare and contrast them for focused analysis. Of course, nobody did so the English soldiers got drunk and went on a rampage. Anyone suspected of harbouring the Prince was arrested, tortured, and usually hanged to save a bullet. For instance, the relatively famous political cartoon "The repeal, or . [4]List of Rebel Prisoners Taken Before, At, and After the Battle of Culloden (1746), RA CP/Main Box 69 Series XI.39.22. Not a very pleasant situation of forced labour, rather like working on a prison work gang. [2]See Layne, Spines of the Thistle, pp. Petitions, lists of prisoners and memorials. Analysing Jacobite Prisoner Lists withJDB45, Higher Education at the Historical Association, William van Keppel, 2nd Earl of Albemarle, Spines of the Thistle: The Popular Constituency of the Jacobite Rising in 1745-6, Innovating Digital History in the Classroom: an interview with Drs James Baker and SharonWebb, Blurring the lines of the two kingdoms: kirk and council in Scotland,1689-1708, Women collectors, Lady Associates and the Society of Antiquaries ofScotland. Figures 3-8. John Prebble: Culloden. Battle Of Culloden. The prisoners would probably fetch 10 each on the dockside, with The Veteran owner paid 5 a head by the British Government for taking them there. inaccuracy or intrusion, then please John Campbell, the 4th Earl of Loudon, along with George Munro of Culcairn, co-founder of the Black Watch regiment in 1725, led the companies of independent Highlanders Campbells and MacDonalds who were loyal to George II on punitive raids into Lochaber and Shiramore while English dragoons roamed far and wide, killing indiscriminately. For it was not just English troops under Cumberland that carried out atrocity after atrocity in the search for Charles and the remaining Jacobites, but also Scots, many of whom were Highlanders themselves. But those on The Veteran would have been free labour they would have cost the plantation owners nothing to bring over., He added: "There was no investment cost and quite often they would be getting skilled labour.. The highlanders defeated the first government army sent against them at Falkirk (17 January 1746). [11]Jean McCann, The Organisation of the Jacobite Army, 1745-1746 (PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1963) pp. No part of this blog may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without express written permission from the author, Dead brilliant: Why Scotlands hidden cemeteries are sparking a tourist boom. Charles entire career and fame were based on 14 months of glory, the rest was failure. Culloden survivor stories are few, as many were rounded up and shot, but Paul did uncover some lucky escapes. Was it a spectacle to them or were they sick of it all after the gruesome battle and their own afflictions? A cursory comparison between the three sources shows that at least 185 persons (18.8%) are absent from the former and 244 (24.8%) do not appear in the latter. Your email address will not be published. This raw information by itself provides a useful study of a significant cross-section of the Jacobite army. We can link the names in this list with their self-given depositions, as well as the testimonies of eyewitnesses and any of their trial records that may appear in the archives. They also spoke of service in the army being a job that was noble for Highlanders. The fact that this task list was written nine months after the Battle of Culloden demonstrates just how much judicial red tape still existed well after the last rising itself had burned out. Their destinies were various: Many were eventually released but 116 commoners were executed at Carlisle, York and Kennington Common and 4 lords at Tower Hill. With 3,500 prisoners in jails around the country post-Culloden, administering any form of justice was a slow process. Passengers rolls which list some of the Jacobites transported to the colonies have already come to light. Sweden, Hanover's Baltic rival, was one such power. Early research has found that only around one in 20 Jacobites - both fighters and civilian supporters - received a trial following the end of the 1745 uprising. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, This website and its associated newspaper are members of Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO). Darren Scott Layne received his PhD from the University of St Andrews and is creator and curator of the Jacobite Database of 1745, a wide-ranging prosopographical study of people who were involved in the last rising.
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