We found that excessive or problematic social media use during the COVID-19 pandemic was correlated with worse mental health outcomes that could be mitigated by dialectical thinking, optimism, mindfulness, and cognitive reappraisal. OR Instagram/exp) for Embase; (3) (COVID-19 OR corona) AND (mental health OR depress* OR anxiety) AND (social media OR Instagram OR Facebook OR twitter) for Cochrane Library. 2023 Jan 5;23(1):24. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-14917-9. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Keywords: Viechtbauer W, Viechtbauer MW. More exposure to disaster news via social media was associated with greater depression for participants with high (but not low) levels of the disaster stressor. Studies were subdivided into categories according to the summary estimate of effect sizes (odds ratio [OR], beta estimate from multiple linear regression [], and correlation coefficient [Pearsons r]). Accessibility The pooled effect size was presented in odds ratio. 2018;226:27481. Research is beginning to uncover how specific social media experiences may influence youth mental health. Social media use and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in young adults: a meta-analysis of 14 cross-sectional studies. This means that more people are expressing their emotions, both positive and negative, and garnering support from others. The Dreadful Physical Symptoms of Dementia, 2 Ways Empathy Determines the Type of Partner We Choose, To Be Happy for the Rest of Your Life, Seek These Goals, Social Media Use, Psychological Function, and Well-Being, Depression Is Not Caused by Chemical Imbalance in the Brain, My Perspective as a Sex Therapist on Netflix's 'Sex/Life'. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022 May 3;17(5):e0267555. 2021. The pooled effect sizes, CIs, and prediction intervals were calculated by estimating the pooled effect and CIs using the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method, which is known as the one of the most conservative methods [16]. Screen Time beyond Gaming and Social Media: Excessive and Problematic Use of Over the Top (OTT) Platforms among College Students during COVID-19 Pandemic. Revenge bedtime procrastination: A plight of our times? An increased time spent on social . 2011;37(3):23344. Before For instance, between January 2020 (pre-pandemic) and March 2020 (start of the pandemic), U.S. traffic on Facebook's website increased by 27%. , & West, S.G. (1991). Draenovi M, Vukui Rukavina T, Machala Poplaen L. Int J Environ Res Public Health. How Viagra became a new 'tool' for young men, Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Impact of public health crises on mental health. Researchers from Poland have tested whether ink signals a strong immunesystem. Due to conflicting evidence and views regarding the effect of social media platform on the mental health, the recommendation for the use of social media in pandemic has been questioned. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Every article was independently evaluated by two researchers (YJJ and YRL) in first hand, and a third researcher (SJJ) mediated the final selection in case of differences in opinion. This meta-analysis review was registered in PROSPERO (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, registration No CRD42021260223, 15 June 2021). One recent study even found that those who are online most frequently (at least 50 times a weekwhich let's be honestis most of us in a Covid-19 world) have three times the odds of perceived social isolation as those who went online less than nine times a week. Lastly, some of the analysis showed a relatively high inter-study heterogeneity (range: I2=0.0080.53%). Six studies that dealt with anxiety symptoms and six with depression (Supplementary Material 11-1, 12-1) reported ORs and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) (n=9579 and n=13,241 for anxiety and depressive symptoms, respectively). From conspiracy theories to false information about cures, there is an abundance of misinformation spread on social media platforms about the novel coronavirus. As a result of strong quarantine measures, private meetings, gatherings, and physical contact with intimate relatives have been reduced [1]. There are specific issues relevant to the pandemic and social media that can have a negative impact on our mental health. Those processes have been toxic from the beginning, but exposure to those processes as a daily diet is new. -, Loades ME, Chatburn E, Higson-Sweeney N, Reynolds S, Shafran R, Brigden A, et al. Is social media partly to blame? Psychology Today 2023 Sussex Publishers, LLC, More from Carlin Barnes, MD and Marketa Wills, MD, MBA. Terms and Conditions, A compulsive need to know. Liu BF, Kim S. How organizations framed the 2009 H1N1 pandemic via social and traditional media: implications for US health communicators. The COVID-19 pandemic has set the tone for a "new normal" of health and well-being. This meta-analysis review was registered with PROSPERO (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, registration No CRD42021260223, 15 June 2021). This often goes against the aims of the platform itself.. A systematic review of the prevalence of anxiety symptoms during coronavirus epidemics. , Lin, C.Y. The results of the statistical approaches to identify the cause of heterogeneity (i.e. The kappa statistic (inter-rater agreement) was 33.3%, indicating fair agreement. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. 2020 Oct 1;3(10):e2025591. Articles were first screened by reviewing titles, followed by a full-text review. A 2018 British study tied social media use to decreased, disrupted, and delayed sleep, which is associated with depression, memory loss, and poor academic performance. RoBANS applies to cross-sectional studies and comprises six items: participant selection, confounding, exposure measurement, blinding of outcome assessments, missing outcomes, and selective reporting of outcomes. To preserve your energy, it's recommended that you regularly unplug and focus your time and energy on the people and things around you that are of importance to you. 2). , Imani, V. , Saffari, M. , Griffiths, M.D. J Health Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13409-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13409-0. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. 2023 Jan 31;12:23. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_460_22. Annual Review of Psychology, 71(1), 471497. Cookies policy. During the pandemic, TikTok served as a way for teens to connect with others over sharing a mental health illness. It was measured based on the response to an item in the questionnaire: How often were you exposed to social media? National Library of Medicine Studies investigating the association between time spent on social media and mental health outcomes (e.g., anxiety and depression) were summarised in Supplementary Material 1. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies See this image and copyright information in PMC. 8600 Rockville Pike Both surveys included the PSS, GAD-7 . Anxiety and depression measured by using screening tools with cut-offs presented results in odds ratios (see Supplementary Material 1). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The site is secure. 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.05.009. Writing review & editing: YRL, YJJ, SHK, JIS, YCJ, SJJ. The final studies after retrieval measured the amount of time spent on social media, which was either categorical or continuous variables (see Supplementary Material 1). Reports of death, illness, grief, unemployment, loss of businesses, food insecurity, evictions, and homelessness are constant reminders of the pandemic-related devastation that currently grips our nation. Men have long been silent and stoic about their inner lives, but theres every reason for them to open up emotionallyand their partners are helping. The studies after retrieval evaluated the association between time spent on social media platform and mental health outcomes (i.e. A great number of people have reported psychological distress and symptoms of depression, anxiety or post-traumatic . Mental health in biological disasters: From SARS to COVID-19. Here are some important social media usage tips to optimize your mental wellness during this world health crisis: Marketa Wills, MD, MBA, and Carlin Barnes, MD, are board-certified psychiatrists and the authors of Understanding Mental Illness: A Comprehensive Guide to Mental Illness for Family and Friends. Int J Soc Psychiatry. Social media was certainly not designed to negatively impact our mental health, but as with all things, there is often both good and bad. The current study examines the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health among young adults in the US, how they use social media and the social support they obtain from the online environment, and the effect on their mental health during stay-at-home orders. Passion, exercise, and meaningful relationships are a boon to brain health. The 16 studies were divided into the positive, negative and neutral effects of social media. The authors declare no competing interests. Keles B, McCrae N, Grealish A. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. J Affect Disord. In addition, sensitivity analysis was also conducted with unbiased high quality studies through quality assessment. Alongside the increased desire for metrics such as likes and comments in these challenging times, its likely that social media has exacerbated mental health challenges.. National Library of Medicine 2020/New Sunshine Charity Foundation/International, NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. However, the increased use of social media during the pandemic wasn't completely without faults. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! This year the COVID-19 pandemic has sparked a major uptick in social media usage. Fourteen studies were included. Prof. Steven C. Hayes, Foundation Professor of Psychology at the University of Nevada, Reno, who developed the Relational Frame Theory and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, told MNT: We know that there are toxic processes that produce particular challenges for people: exposure to physical and psychological pain; a comparison with others and judgment; entanglement with self-judgment., He further explained that [t]hose predict pathological outcomes if youre not able to step back to notice the process of feeling and thinking, to orient to whats present and what is really important to you and line up your behavior behind that., And social media, he added, because of its exposure to pain comparison and judgment, enormously challenges us all in ways that are orders of magnitude more severe than ever in the history of humanity. Impact of Social Media Use on Mental Health within Adolescent and Student Populations during COVID-19 Pandemic: Review. Accessibility 2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK. PLoS One. (2020). 2020;17(23):9096. The pooled effect sizes, Cochranes Q, and I2 to assess heterogeneity were calculated. Kramer AD, Guillory JE, Hancock JT. New York: Chapman and Hall/CRC; 2021. She asserts that the COVID-19 pandemic, when social media use skyrocketed, caused a mental health crisis. 2021;12:1199. ResearchSquare. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2014;14(1):112. First, all the studies included were cross-sectional design. For example, on September 14, 2021, the social media platform TikTok announced new features for its users to help provide resources for suicide prevention. FOIA -. Case Rep Psychiatry. 2017;2(4):31530. During the COVID-19 pandemic, you may experience stress, anxiety, fear, sadness and loneliness. Objective: We examined social support and technology use and their relationships with mental and physical health outcomes through the COVID-19 pandemic among AAPIs. 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048. 2023 Mar;9(3):e13468. However, during the Covid-19 pandemic, social media also helped with loneliness, as it acted as a medium for contact and kept students entertained during this isolating time. Fung IC-H, Tse ZTH, Cheung C-N, Miu AS, Fu K-W. Ebola and the social media; 2014. All of this screen time greatly increases our overall exposure to a type of light referred to as blue light. When the COVID-19 pandemic began, U.S. college students reported increased anxiety and depression. In this Special Feature, we look at the phenomenon of decision fatigue, how it has evolved during the pandemic, and how to address it. As the acute disease mainly affected people's physical health, there were other detrimental effects that were discovered at the aftermath of the lockdowns.This Research Topic aims to showcase evidence on how social media and general screen time affected people's mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic and . Writing original draft: YRL, YJJ, SHK, SJJ. doi: 10.2196/23696. This is the first pandemic that has impacted the world while this smart and technological generation, the first pandemic was registered in 2009 the flu or influenza pandemic. Methodology: JIS, YCJ, YRL, SJJ. The new analyses also describe some of the severe challenges youth encountered during the pandemic: Authors Alyan Layug # 1 2 , Samiksha Krishnamurthy # 2 , Rachel McKenzie 3 , Bo Feng 3 Affiliations The technology landscape has rapidly evolved in recent years, with social media now playing a central role in the lives of youth. Results indicate a link between higher use of social media and an increased risk of depression. Public Relat Rev. But despite the positive benefits of social media, evidence has shown that there can be harmful consequences of over-use. Reviewed by Matt Huston. Why Do Women Remember More Dreams Than Men Do? As a result, the stigma surrounding mental health conditions may be decreasing. Purpose of review: There are many aspects where this can be achieved. Front Psychol. Saha S, Scott J, Varghese D, McGrath J. Anxiety and depressive disorders are associated with delusional-like experiences: a replication study based on a National Survey of mental health and wellbeing. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Instead of face-to-face interaction, people used social media and text . All included studies were cross-sectional studies. 2023 Mar 15;325:747-754. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.009. Bao, Y. , Sun, Y. , Meng, S. , Shi, J. , & Lu, L. (2020). Because the COVID-19 pandemic emerged recently, scientists are only beginning to understand the role of social media on users mental health. BMC Public Health 22, 995 (2022). Ma Z, Zhao J, Li Y, Chen D, Wang T, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Yu Q, Jiang J, Fan F, Liu X. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. Mindlessness or numbing out. The repeated sharing of disturbing news can negatively impact the mental health of those social media users who are overexposed to this tragic material. Path analysis examining the mediating role of negative affect and the interaction between social media use and the COVID19 stressor on psychological outcomes simultaneously (. Despite these limitations, this study exhibits a number of strengths; to the best of our knowledge, the study is the first meta-analysis to examine the relationship between use of social media and mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic, to validate the results by various verification methods such as trim-and-fill methods, influential analysis, and heterogeneity analysis. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Prolonged social distancing and loss of intimate interpersonal contact increase feelings of frustration, boredom, anxiety, and potentially depression [2]. Epub 2020 Jul 29. eCollection 2022. Project administration: SJJ. Is the ketogenic diet right for autoimmune conditions? An official website of the United States government. Possible causes of heterogeneity among study results were explored by statistical methods such as influential analysis, the Baujat plot, leave-one-out analysis, and Graphic Display of Heterogeneity analysis [18]. PMC 2023 Jan 26;14:1071938. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1071938. How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health around the world, and what can we do about it? Journal of Medical Internet Research - The Impact of Social Media on Panic During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Iraqi Kurdistan: Online Questionnaire Study Published on 19.5.2020 in Vol 22 , No 5 (2020) :May Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/19556, first published April 22, 2020 . J Clin Epidemiol. COVID-19 anxiety syndrome: A pandemic phenomenon? Research published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research suggests that psychosocial expressions have significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. [categorical] and How long (in hours) were you exposed to social media? The prevalence of depression, anxiety and combination of depression and anxiety (CDA) was 48.3% (95%CI: 46.9%-49.7%), 22.6% (95%CI: 21.4%-23.8%) and 19.4% (95%CI: 18.3%-20.6%) during COVID-19 outbroke in Wuhan, China. GOSHa graphical display of study heterogeneity. The relationship between Internet use and psychological well-being isn't simple. Biometrics. According to Chambers: Social media platforms have a key role to play in how their products impact on the mental health and well-being of their users. Exploring the effects of social media on mental health during COVID The positive effect of social media while COVID. Brief exposure to social media during the COVID-19 pandemic: Doom-scrolling has negative emotional consequences, but kindness-scrolling does not Kathryn Buchanan, Lara B. Aknin, Shaaba Lotun, Gillian M. Sandstrom x Published: October 13, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257728 Article Authors Metrics Comments Media Coverage Peer Review 2020. doi: 10.21203/, Vindegaard N, Benros ME. doi: 10.1177/1359105320951620. A single author first extracted the information and a second author checked for accuracy. In interpreting the findings of this study, several limitations should be considered. J Behav Addict. Our Special Feature delves into these issues. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. A systematic review: the influence of social media on depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adolescents. Methods: Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The user ethnography profile was Generation Z (born in the 1990s), female (81.2%), Instagrammer (60.3%), unmarried (56.9%) and student (42.9%). Lim LTS, Regencia ZJG, Dela Cruz JRC, Ho FDV, Rodolfo MS, Ly-Uson J, Baja ES. For sensitivity analysis, additional analysis including only high quality studies was conducted and it compared with the pooled estimates of overall results (see Table1). It impacted the areas of an individual's social self and the dynamic between various groups. Regarding eligibility criteria, studies conducted after the declaration of the pandemic, studies that measured mental health symptoms with validated tools, and studies that presented quantitative results were eligible. OR twitter/exp. New research indicates that video games are not as bad as we once feared. Careers. Duval S, Tweedie R. Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plotbased method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Future interventions to improve mental health should consider elements of both disaster stressor and negative affect. 13% reported having started or increased substance use, changing the way notifications are triggered, introducing stronger regulation and monitoring of content designed to harm, implementing suggestions that users take a break, signposting to evidence-based resources and support on posts that may be triggering, ensuring clearer guidelines and more ability for users to easily control sensitive content. doi: 10.1017/S2045796020000931. What are some ways to make unwanted 'alone time' a positive experience? Factors Associated With Mental Health Disorders Among University Students in France Confined During the COVID-19 Pandemic. More than 80% (95%CI:80.9%-83.1%) of participants reported frequently exposed to social media. See this image and copyright information in PMC. Research published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research suggests that psychosocial expressions have significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. 3. Social media use and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in young adults: a meta-analysis of 14 cross-sectional studies, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13409-0, https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/metafor/metafor.pdf, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Interaction effects of social media use and the COVID19 stressor on depression. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;83(1):26277. This relationship has become increasingly complex during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Health Soc Sci. Results: As expected, results from regression analyses indicated that a higher level of social media use was associated with worse mental health. We also spoke with two experts about this complex topic. A study found that younger people were more susceptible to changes in personality traits during the COVID-19 pandemic. We investigate the phenomenon of revenge bedtime procrastination. Scientists use genetic rewiring to increase lifespan of cells, Beyond amyloid and tau: New targets in developing dementia treatments, Napping longer than 30 minutes linked to higher risk of obesity and high blood pressure, Activity 'snacks' could lower blood sugar, complication risk in type 1 diabetes, In Conversation: Investigating the power of music for dementia. 2020 Nov 13;29:e181. A systematic literature review before the COVID-19 outbreak (2019) found that the time spent by adolescents on social media was associated with depression, anxiety, and psychological distress [21]. 2023 Feb 23;20(5):3950. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20053950. | Another 95 studies were excluded finally due to inconsistent study estimates. 2020;27(3):taaa031. The degree of heterogeneity was categorised as low, moderate, or high with threshold values of 25, 50, and 75%, respectively [17]. The ultimate intention is for us to become the masters of social media, rather than social media become the masters of us.. To maintain mental wellness during this pandemic, take care to exercise proper awareness for yourself and your family when engaging in the use of social media platforms. Coping with a partner who has a mental illness such as clinical depression can be very challenging. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13468. How Blame and Shame Can Fuel Depression in Rape Victims, Getting More Hugs Is Linked to Fewer Symptoms of Depression, Interacting With Outgroup Members Reduces Prejudice. No ethical approval and patient consent are required since this study data is based on published literature. Hsieh KY, Kao WT, Li DJ, Lu WC, Tsai KY, Chen WJ, Chou LS, Huang JJ, Hsu ST, Chou FH. After 18 months of pandemic, 118 participants remained in the study (mean age of 56.6 13.4 years, 66.7% were women). Prof. Hayes noted that the COVID-19 pandemic exploded the idea that mental health conditions only affect certain individuals. He also explained that social media keeps people connected to friends and family, especially during social distancing with limited physical interactions. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Soraci P, Ferrari A, Abbiati FA, Del Fante E, De Pace R, Urso A, et al. Careers. The outcomes of included studies were anxiety, and depression. The purpose of the study was to summarise the association between the time spent on social media platform during the COVID-19 quarantine and mental health outcomes (i.e., anxiety and depression). 'Sex/Life' breaks the popular narrative that it is always the male partner who feels sexually unfulfilled. Social media use has been on the rise since its debut in 1995. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. However, the challenge is that [using] most of these will decrease addictiveness, engagement, and time spent. Daniels M, Sharma M, Batra K. Social media, stress and sleep deprivation: a triple S among adolescents. A research report published in Frontiers in Psychology suggests that there is an association between pandemic threats and extensive anxiety and concern among the public. PubMed Central Bookshelf This meta-analysis review was registered with PROSPERO (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, registration No CRD42021260223, 15 June 2021). However, the information shared on these platforms can sometimes be inaccurate or misleading. eCollection 2023 Jan-Mar. Perceptions of dental undergraduates towards online education during COVID-19: assessment from India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Alcohol and Zoom: A Recipe for Depression. While social media in digital platforms does help to promote social inclusion among adolescents and young adults, the risk associated with their excessive or problematic use cannot be overlooked [12]. For an individual, on average, engaging with Facebook decreases their mental health by roughly 22% of the effect of losing one's job, as reported by a previous meta-analysis, Makarin and his team found. Kaurani P, Batra K, Hooja HR, Banerjee R, Jayasinghe RM, Bandara DL, et al. Surveys show a major increase in the number of U.S. adults who report symptoms of stress, anxiety, depression and insomnia during the pandemic, compared with surveys before . Unverified information and opinions can be easily disseminated on social media platform and perceived as facts without verification. Its not a one-out-of-five issue; its a five-out-of-five issue, and that is the permanent result of this year and a half of [COVID-19].. 2013;66(4):40814. Conclusions: All rights reserved. Lancet. (2012). After removing 19 duplicate publications, 327 studies were included for the title and full-text review (see Fig. entertainment, news presenter | 4.8K views, 28 likes, 13 loves, 80 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from GBN Grenada Broadcasting Network: GBN News 28th April 2023 Anchor: Kenroy Baptiste.
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