Economically, the long-distance transport of goods and men was a critical component to the interests and sustainability of the ruling house. First Published in 1999: The Bridge Engineering Handbook is a unique, comprehensive, and state-of-the-art reference work and resource book covering the major areas of bridge engineering with the theme "bridge to the 21st century." The Manual of Bridge Engineering - M. J. Ryall 2000 - Bridge type, behaviour and appearance David Bennett, David The four small arches inserted, on either side two, break the anger of the roaring floods, and protect the bridge mightily. ." I was drawn further into your article sentence after sentence, and I was very impressed after finishing it. Joseph Needham, Clerks and Craftsmen in China and the West (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970). Another name for the bridge is the Great Stone Bridge (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Dsh Qio). It had parallel rows of five round section beams overlapping each other. Traditional masonry arches are generally durable, and somewhat resistant to settlement or undermining. I also found it amazing how this bridge has survived major earthquakes and war in addition to flooding! To see a bridge that has stood the test of time, is truly an amazing feat. Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/bridge-technology. Lastly, I think its great that the bridges load-bearing capacity withstand as much as eight tons of weight! - rubble babble, bedabble, dabble, drabble, gabble, grabble, rabble, scrabble amble, bramble, Campbell, gamble, gambol, ramble, scramble, sham, Kidney stones are composed of crystals formed by chemicah that separate from the urine and that build up in the kidney. Mortar was not used in the arch and foundations, and the masonry foundations were often set on wood piles. Its so cool that it can withstand 8 tons of weight. In Europe, Roman-designed bridges rested on arches that were half-circles. World Eras. Made in 600 AD?? It's also the oldest arch bridge in China today. (April 27, 2023). in the ground, of which only the tip shows above ground level. I dont understand all the architectural stuff but I think this bridge that was built about 1000 years ago is still standing is simply amazing. The two smaller spans in the shoulders of the bridge were an innovation in the history of bridge construction, giving the stone bridge an elegant design. I had no idea that such an old bridge existed! Segmental Arch Type. Constructions such as the acclaimed Florentine segmental arch bridge Ponte Vecchio (1345) combined sound engineering (span-to-rise ratio of over 5.3 to 1) with aesthetical appeal. The central arch is made of 28 thin, curved limestone slabs which are joined with iron butterfly joints. steel alloys such as the ones used on the Golden (The cables were replaced every year.) Home Brew Power: Building your own generator, How To Start A Small Woodworking Business From Home. Had it not been for its unique structure, the water would definitely have ruined a masterpiece. Remarkably, there have been at least sixteen earthquakes in the vicinity of the bridge since it was last rehabilitated in 1956. Anji Bridge: China 37.3700 m 3: National Bridge: France 35 m 4: Tolbiac Bridge: France 35 m 5: Hirschberg Bridge: Germany 34.3200 m 6: Pont de Zaehringen . The movement of goods by land south and southwest from the North China Plain to the Central Plains around Kaifeng and Luoyang followed a path that crossed the Xiao River near Luanzhou (later Zhaozhou and now Zhaoxian) in today's Hebei province. - It arches. Anyways, great job Wesley! The intriguing design of the Anji bridge has given rise to many legends. Although Ive never heard of the Anji Bridge before, I will surely go visit it next time when I go back to China. Span lengths of 40m (130ft), previously unheard of in the history of masonry arch construction, were now reached in places as diverse as Spain (Puente de San Martn), Italy (Castelvecchio Bridge) and France (Devil's bridge and Pont Grand) and with arch types as different as semi-circular, pointed and segmental arches. The magnitude of the earthquakes that occurred between 1956 and 2002 varied from about 4 .70 to a maximum of about 7. Located just west of Beijing and constructed in 1189, it is still in use today. conceptual breakthrough occurred when a Chinese engineer was The Chinese began to build chain suspension bridges as early as the seventh century, using twisted bamboo cables about four inches thick. Great Stone Bridge spanning the River Chiao Shui is the worlds Zhaozhou Bridge is the earliest and best-preserved open-spandrel stone arch bridge now in existence. build a Chinese bridge known only from an ancient painting [the Beijing I think that the person who designed it was a real genius. Good job. This reduces or eliminates the horizontal thrust against the abutments and allows their construction on weaker ground. The outer parts of the bridge are made of stone and dotted with airy pavilions, while the central part is made of wood and floats on boats. It is more stable than a true arch because it does not have this thrust. 34 terms. This made the bridges broader and flatter than semicircular arches could. China is great.. Roman engineers were the first and until the industrial revolution the only ones to construct bridges with concrete, which they called Opus caementicium. In English literature, it is also referred as Chiao Shui Bridge, after the river it crosses. Its convexity is so smooth, and the wedge-shaped stones fit together so perfectly How lofty is the flying-arch! This tip is a segment of a circle, and the arch it forms is Cantilever Type. , , . [13] The steps of the masonry may be trimmed to make the arch have a rounded shape. With a history of about 1,400 years, Zhaozhou Bridge has gone through numerous natural disasters, including at least 10 floods, 8 wars and many earthquakes. The bridge is also commonly known as the Zhaozhou Bridge, or in Chinese, (Zho zhu qio). I cant believe that the bridge can hold 8 tons of weight. This type of bridge has an arch whose base is at or below the deck, but whose top rises above it, so the deck passes through the arch. 27 Apr. 2023 . [4][5], Starting from 581 CE, the Sui dynasty reasserted imperial control over the competing powers that had ruled various regions of China since the decline of the Han dynasty in the third century. The Anji Bridge (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: nj Qio; lit. It was a very interesting article! This greatly reduces the stress on the structure because if the spandrels were closed, the water would pound against the bridge, potentially knocking it over. Total length of 361 feet. Believed to have been built in the third century B.C. Galliazzo, Vittorio (1994), I ponti romani. The main arch ring is 1.03m thick with protective arch stones on it. Located in the southern part of Hebei Province, it is the oldest standing bridge in China. In order to manage this feat, engineers used a a circular arch that gave support to the bridge itself, and helped to take load from the deck. (also quoin stone) any of the stones or bricks forming such an angle; a cornersto, Bridges v. California Times-Mirror Co. v. California 314 U.S. 252 (1941), Bridges, Causeways, and Underwater Tunnels, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/bridge-technology. Thanks so much for teaching me these things! They are also expensive to build wherever labor costs are high. - Total Bridge spans 123 feet. Transverse Shear Wall. The greatest segmental arch bridge in China is the well-known Marco Polo Bridge, frequently so called because Polo illustrated it in detail. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. The crossbow allowed for more power, heavier A layer of dirt covered the boarded deck. In more modern times, stone and brick arches continued to be built by many civil engineers, including Thomas Telford, Isambard Kingdom Brunel and John Rennie. and Tibet, - Actually, based on the distribution of these epicenters, it appears that there may be an active fault line about 25 miles (40 km) southeast of the bridge . 0 Logout Google Bot DE; EN; FR; . This bridge looks aesthetically pleasing and very sturdy. Erecting brackets for the main arch ring, segmental assembling of steel arch ribs of the main span, closure of arch ribs, installing wind braces in the main span . In fine condition, and part of a . Wikipedia. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. A modern evolution of the arch bridge is the long-span through arch bridge. The fact that such an ancient piece of architecture could be so advanced, even in todays day-in-age, truly illustrates how drawing upon tradition and antiquity could allow for advancement. open-spandrel arch bridge in Hebei Province, China. Also known as a bowstring arch, this type of arch bridge incorporates a tie between two opposite ends of the arch. The development of roads and waterways in the imperial era (617-1644) demanded a high level of bridge building. Cool to know that starting at 595 Ad in China, a Bridge called the Anji Bridge, was constructed, one of the world's open-spandrel segmental arch bridge made of stone. FIGURE 3.2 Known earthquake epicenter locations near the An Ji Bridge . In China, the oldest existing arch bridge is the Zhaozhou Bridge of 605 AD, which combined a very low span-to-rise ratio of 5.2:1, with the use of spandrel arches (buttressed with iron brackets). Your analogy that compared the curvature of the bridge to the curvature of a fireplace really helped me understand the technical aspect of the bridge. The arch covers a circular segment less than half of a semicircle (84) and with a radius of 27.27 metres (89.5ft), has a rise-to-span ratio of approximately 0.197 (7.3 to 37 metres (24 to 121ft)). Cookies Policy ~ Privacy Policy ~ The Zhaozhou Bridge, with a length of 167 feet (51m) and span of 123 feet (37m), is the world's first wholly stone open-spandrel segmental arch bridge, allowing a greater passage for flood waters. Called a segmental arch bridge, the new type of bridge took less material to build and was stronger, as well. And besides the mortar in the crevices there are slender-waisted iron cramps to bind the stones together. The 771-foot-long bridge is composed of a series of 11 segmental arches (each with an average span of 62 feet) extending one after another across the Yongding River. - The technology of the bridge is impressive. Another variation was to have a series of hanging straps by which the user ." of the river to the other. With a total length of 51 m, and a span of 37 m, the bridge is a single-arch stone bridge that has the longest span and history. Gothic pointed arches were also introduced, reducing lateral thrust, and spans increased as with the eccentric Puente del Diablo (1282). . [1] The well-preserved Hellenistic Eleutherna Bridge has a triangular corbel arch. - Undoubtedly Ill admit I still dont understand the archways and architectural stuff. (b) Changhong Bridge. Each arch is constructed over a temporary falsework frame, known as a centring. Ive never heard of the Anji bridge before. In his monumental study of Science and Civilization in China, Joseph Needham stated, [T]he first great segmental arch bridge was constructed by Li [Chun] in China after +600, but no such structures were built elsewhere until Italy followed with several of the kind shortly after +1300, and the design has flourished since . In another story the bridge was put to the test by two immortals who crossed it at the same time, and Lu Ban saved it by wading into the water and supporting the structure. Most kidney stones pass out o, cairn / ke()rn/ n. 1. a mound of rough stones built as a memorial or landmark, typically on a hilltop or skyline. Rope was threaded through a piece of bamboo which made it easier [4] A list of Roman bridges compiled by the engineer Colin O'Connor features 330 Roman stone bridges for traffic, 34 Roman timber bridges and 54 Roman aqueduct bridges, a substantial part still standing and even used to carry vehicles. I look forward to reading more of your articles in the future. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"WqKuDK_DTu0grm09S2xCsaiRcoY_lBK2BjU_qWoSWuA-86400-0"}; By Ma Chi | chinadaily.com.cn | Updated: 2016-10-21 14:09 . Considering that these major structural attributes were incorporated into a bridge with outstanding aesthetic characteristics, it should be evident that Li Chun has had few bridge design equals in the world's bridge building profession . I just cant believe the technological innovation China had during 600 AD. The Anji Bridge, or in Chinese, (n j qio), is an engineering marvel designed by a craftsman named Li Chun. The methods are (1) using temporary support, (2) using cable stay, (3) swing arch rib horizontally or vertically, (4) launching whole bridge longitudinally, (5) lifting whole bridge as one piece on pier, (6) casting precast concrete arch rib in laying posture. It is so fascinating that this bridge was built in 600 AD! tip shows. First bridge with elliptic arches, Rialto Bridge over the Grand Canal in Venice, Italy (2011), A masonry moon bridge showing the buttressing approach ramps that take the horizontal thrust of the arch, Fredrikstad bridge in Fredrikstad, Norway. A viaduct (a long bridge) may be made from a series of arches, although other more economical structures are typically used today. Second, when the bridge is submerged during a flood, they allow water to pass through, thereby reducing the forces on the structure of the bridge. During the next 1,400 years, the bridge survived at least eight wars, ten major floods and numerous earthquakes, the most recent being the 7.2-magnitude Xingtai earthquake in 1966. The innovative construction method in the current study encompasses two construction materials forms the self-form masonry arches, wedge-shape plain concrete voussoirs, and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP . Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. According to one legend, the bridge was built by a master architect of the mid-1st millennium BC named Lu Ban in a single night. Only the ornamental railings have been replaced every few hundred years. Maybe the new high tech glass bridge comes to mind. that a bridge could be built on a segmental arch, -Segmental The new Chinese bridge used arches that were a smaller part, or segment, of a circle. What keeps the bridge up is a series of interlocking horizontal and cantilevered beams. Now, if youre not an architect or engineer, Im sure you dont know what that means because I certainly did not. This form and the elliptical arch had great value in bridge engineering because they permitted mutual support by a row of arches, carrying the lateral thrust to the abutments at either end of a bridge. I also learned that the name of the bridge literally means safe crossing bridge.. Wow Wesley, great article! Other articles where segmental arch is discussed: arch: the late Middle Ages the segmental arch was introduced. -Bridges Possibly the oldest existing arch bridge is the Mycenaean Arkadiko Bridge in Greece from about 1300 BC. Hell Gate Bridge over the East River, New York City, New York, U.S.A. Sydney Harbour Bridge, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (2010), Daxi River Bridge of JinhuaWenzhou High Speed Railway. semi-circle arch but on what is known as a segmental arch. Ive never heard of this bridge before, and its amazing how it can withstand so many natural disasters and wars! The two small spans in the two shoulders increase the drainage area to ease the flow of water, cut the use of materials, lightens the bridge, and enhances its stability. - Li Chun discovered woodblock printing. I really loved how you described the Anji Bridges structure and how its structure helps to describe its namesake of safe! Great article Wesley, very well written. Taught me a lot of things such as , is an engineering marvel designed by a craftsman named Li Chun. By the seventh century, stone had become the typical material for most important. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Not only was the great segmental Leader of the Shining Ones, Jesus teaching of the Surat (soul) Shabd (word) Yoga (union) to his inner circle of disciples, Jesus as the husband of Mary Magdalene and the father of their three children. The central part of the deck is supported by the arch via suspension cables or tie bars, as with a tied-arch bridge. Its truly amazing how greatly built this bridge is. to buckle by the ends sinking down into the river banks, and it saved a lot Constructed using limestone during the time of the Chinese Sui Dynasty, it spans 167 feet (51m) and has a striking 'open-spandrel', segmental arch design (a feature that didn't reach Europe. Chinese built big bridges of wooden construction, and later stone bridges, and the oldest surviving stone bridge in China is the Zhaozhou Bridge built around 605 AD during the Sui Dynasty. Lesson 9: Daily Life in Ancient Egypt. - Its The 14th century in particular saw bridge building reaching new heights. This type of bridge is still (203 mm) Rise, r = 6 in. I think it is amazing that such architectural marvels could be made in a time before electricity was even thought of. 'Safe crossing bridge') is the world's oldest open-spandrel segmental arch bridge of stone construction. arch in the center an innovation (semi-circular arches had existed . is a catenary bridge called the An-Lan Hemp rope can stand a stress of 8000 pounds per square inch. : Greek and Roman Architecture, 2nd edn., Cambridge 1943, p.231: Colin O'Connor: "Roman Bridges", Cambridge University Press 1993, p. 187ff. The disadvantage is that this type of arch is not suitable for large spans. is seen as one of the great achievements of early Chinese engineering, -The [12] Bridges with perforated spandrels can be found worldwide, such as in China (Zhaozhou Bridge, 7th century). The outside was usually covered with brick or ashlar, as in the Alcntara bridge. Chinese were 500 to 600 years ahead of Europe in this But let us observe his marvellous use of stone-work. Designed by craftsman Li Chun, the construction of the bridge began in AD 595 and took 11 years to complete. (152 mm) Uniform load = 1000 lb/ft (14.6 kN/m) Luoyang Bridge in Quanzhou, Fujian province, was built in AD 1053 in Northern Song Dynasty. Built with granite, the bridge features ship-like piers and a unique method of reinforcing the foundation. - The An arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch. built this way take less material and are stronger than ones built as semi-circular - THE SEGMENTAL ARCHED BRIDGE - 7th CENTURY A conceptual breakthrough occurred when a Chinese engineer was the first to realize that an arch did not have to be a semi-circle. I was surprised to read that it can hold 8 tons and is still standing today. This proves that necessity is indeed the mother of invention. It was detailed with explaining the technique used to build this bridge and even someone like me who doesnt know any architectural background can understand. Nice Job! chains are embedded 40 feet into the stone pillars on both sides. However, the date of retrieval is often important. [CDATA[ Li Chun's innovative spandrel-arch construction, while economising in materials, was also of considerable aesthetic merit. A single-hinged bridge has a hinge at the crown of the arch, a two-hinged bridge has hinges at both springing points and a three-hinged bridge has hinged in all three locations. Encyclopedia.com. Located just west of Beijing and constructed in 1189, it is still in use today. In 1996, a 7.6 magnitude earthquake hit Xingtai, about 40 km from the bridge, but it remained safe and sound. It crosses the Xiaohe River () south of the town of Zhaoxian, in Zhao County, approximately 52 kilometres (32mi) southeast of the provincial capital Shijiazhuang. Bridge. Few bridges in the west could withstand such tests and it truly is a testament to Chinese ingenuity. The Segmental arch bridge Person as author : Temple, Robert K.G. Also, cool to know that starting at 595 Ad in China, a Bridge called the Anji Bridge, was constructed, one of the worlds open-spandrel segmental arch bridge made of stone. This is considerably smaller than the rise-to-span ratio of 0.5 of a semicircular arch bridge and slightly smaller than the rise-to-span ratio of 0.207 of a quarter circle. Credited to the design of a craftsman named Li Chun(), the bridge was constructed in the years 595-605 during the Sui Dynasty (581-618). China's oldest bridge still standing, Zhaozhou Bridge has spanned the Jiao River (Jio H) for 1400 years. Great Article Wesley! Great article! The bridge in the Song era (960-1279) painting By the River at the Qingming Festival was a typical segmental arch bridge. Any part supported from arch below may have spandrels that are closed or open. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. I would love to visit it one day! -The [12] Bridges with perforated spandrels can be found worldwide, such as in China ( Zhaozhou Bridge, 7th century). Investigations to determine the total number of the animals have been carried out on several occasions but the results have proved inconsistent, ranging anywhere from 482 to 496. - Being that it is the oldest open-spandrel segmental arch bridge made of stone, it is shocking that is still exists. It is often said in Beijing 'there are countless lions on the Lugou Bridge' because there are so many finely carved lions guarding its span. Download scientific diagram | Typical ancient stone arch bridges in the Huabei area. The elevation of the arch is about 45, which subjects the abutments of the bridge to downward force and sideways force. Its so cool that China has built such complex structures at such an early point in time. Here the dates correspond well with reports which Italian travelers in Mongo, China could have brought back 1. Its amazing how it is still standing today, despite the fact that it was built around 600A.D. The bridge is also commonly known as the Zhaozhou Bridge, or in Chinese, (Zho zhu qio). The 266-meter-long bridge is supported by 281 pillars. Five rectangular transverse beams were placed between the arch beams so that the whole interlaced structure became a rigid flat arch in timber. The deck is suspended from the arch. Reading about these architectural marvels really opens your eyes to the ingenuity of people. I remember learning about such bridges in IED with Mr. Silva and its pretty cool that one of the oldest ones is in China.The bridge reflects how advanced China was in ancient times, even without influence from the superior Europeans. [8] Generally, Roman bridges featured wedge-shaped primary arch stones (voussoirs) of the same in size and shape. Guangji Bridge in Chaozhou, Guangdong province, was the world's first bridge that can be opened and closed. a single piece of metal in the structure. To reinforce the foundation of the bridge, oysters were bred under the bridge because the liquid they secreted would help to bind the piers and the footstones together. How large is the opening, yet without piers!.. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. If the spandrel is solid, usually the case in a masonry or stone arch bridge, the bridge is called a closed-spandrel deck arch bridge. 2 more primitive forms of suspension bridge, the catenary bridge and a simple This bridge is one the worlds oldest open-spandrel segmental arch bridge made of stone. The most famous suspension bridge in China Zhaozhou Bridge is the earliest and best-preserved open-spandrel stone arch bridge now in existence. Rope was shot over a gorge using an arrow. This solid wall at right angles to the span was set close behind the spring of the arch on both sides of the watercourse, reinforcing the abutment with its relatively deeper foundations. One suspension bridge in Sichuan, for example, had ten parallel cables and five more cables on each side, one above the other, shaping the balustrades. segmental arch bridge. The deck of the Fremont Bridge goes through the arch, the central span is suspended from and ties the arch, while the side spans of the deck are supported. Different materials, such as cast iron, steel and concrete have been increasingly used in the construction of arch bridges. The Anji bridge influenced the design of later Chinese bridge structures, such as the similar Yongtong Bridge near Zhaoxian in Hebei. The crowded rainbow bridge is the centerpiece of the Beijing qingming scroll. The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention. A bridge could be built which was based not on the traditional Ordinary steel cables can stand a stress of up to 56000 pounds while modern I wonder where it is? The stone corbel arch bridge is still used by the local populace. I never really knew much about the engineering behind bridges and this article explained the significance of this bridge in a very simple yet effective way. In these cases the arch stones were relatively flat and shallow, often longer in the direction of the span than in the direction of the center of the curve radius. Structurally and analytically they are not true arches but rather a beam with the shape of an arch. The ends of the bridge may be supported from below, as with a deck arch bridge. It is the world's oldest fully-stone, open-spandrel, segmental arch bridge. The Their bridges featured from an early time onwards flood openings in the piers, e.g. Once each basic, This page was last edited on 21 March 2023, at 15:41. Its so fascinating that he was able to build this bridge such a long time ago when there was no advanced technology like we have today. The bridge has a span of 123 feet. Bridge in Zhao County in Hebei Province, China, The Anji Bridge, still standing after 1400 years, http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0019517, Hebei University of Economics and Business, Hebei University of Science and Technology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anji_Bridge&oldid=1137107003, Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Hebei, Short description is different from Wikidata, Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata, Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text, Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 2 February 2023, at 21:04. Check out theses sources below for more information! Great architectural article! The fact that it has also continued to stand after several natural disasters is amazing to me. to cross. This has been made possible by the use of light materials that are strong in tension such as steel and prestressed concrete. If the deck is supported by a number of vertical columns rising from the arch, the bridge is known as an open-spandrel deck arch bridge. Copyright document.write(new Date().getFullYear()); Asia for Educators, Columbia University, Scholar-Officials and the Examination System, Northern Rivals: Liao, Jin, Xi Xia, and the Mongols. I have never heard of Anji Bridge, and Im surprised I havent. It is considered one of the Four Treasures of Hebei. //]]>. In order to manage this feat, engineers used a a circular arch that gave support to the bridge itself, and helped to take load from the deck. first segmental arch bridge, built in stone by the architect Get a closer look at the scene on and around the bridge Rainbow bridges, such as the one that occupies the dramatic http://www.bridgesofdublin.ie/bridge-building/famous-bridges/anji-bridge-605ad, http://www.visiontimes.com/2013/09/04/4-most-famous-bridges-in-ancient-chinese-architecture.html, . Great article! The more weight that was put onto the bridge, the stronger its structure became. greatest segmental arch bridge is the Marco Such low rising structures required massive abutments, which at the Venetian Rialto bridge and the Fleischbrcke in Nuremberg (span-to-rise ratio 6.4:1) were founded on thousands of wooden piles, partly rammed obliquely into the grounds to counteract more effectively the lateral thrust. Very interesting! (1829 mm) Depth, d = 12 in. Semicircular Arch Type. the project was designed and. I want to visit there one day. In his monumental study of Science and Civilization in China, Joseph Needham stated, [T]he first great segmental arch bridge was constructed by Li [Chun] in China after +600, but no such structures were built elsewhere until Italy followed with several of the kind shortly after +1300, and the design has flourished since .
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